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| |Chief, Int. Affairs at USAF, Disruptive Tech Division, 12th Air Task Force Cmdr | | |Chief, Int. Affairs at USAF, Disruptive Tech Division, 12th Air Task Force Cmdr |
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| ! style="text-align:center;" |<small>TRL</small>
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| ! style="width: 20%" |<small>NASA usage</small>
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| ! style="width: 25%" |<small>DoD usage<ref>Dr. John Niemela and Dr. Matthew Fisher, [https://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/2004/3_MayJun/articles/10_Use_of_Tech_Readiness_Levels_for_Software_Dev_200403.pdf The Use of Technology Readiness Levels for Software Development]</ref><ref>[https://uploads-ssl.webflow.com/61de9faf3e98d5e793174909/623997b9292d754d358a8815_AVF-DS-TRL-MRL-SRL-Jan2022.pdf TRL-IRL-SRL Definitions]</ref><ref>OUSD(R&E), [https://www.cto.mil/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/TRA-Guide-Jun2023.pdf Technology Readiness Assessment Guidebook], 2023</ref></small>
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| ! style="width: 20%" |<small>European Union</small>
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| ! style="width: 35%" |<small>Description</small>
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| | style="text-align:center;" |<small>1</small>
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| |<small>Basic principles observed and reported</small>
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| |<small>Scientific research begins to be translated into applied R&D</small>
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| |<small>Basic principles observed</small>
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| |<small>Lowest level of technology readiness. Scientific research begins to be translated into applied research & development (R&D). Examples might include paper studies of a technology’s basic properties.</small>
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| | style="text-align:center;" |<small>2</small>
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| |<small>Technology concept and/or application formulated</small>
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| |<small>Invention begins. Once basic principles are observed, practical applications can be invented</small>
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| |<small>Technology concept formulated</small>
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| |<small>Invention begins. Once basic principles are observed, practical applications can be invented. Applications are speculative, & there may be no proof or detailed analysis to support the assumptions. Examples are limited to analytic studies.</small>
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| | style="text-align:center;" |<small>3</small>
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| |<small>Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of concept</small>
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| |<small>Active R&D is initiated. This includes analytical studies to produce code and laboratory studies to physically validate analytical predictions of separate technology HW/SW elements</small>
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| |<small>Experimental proof of concept</small>
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| |<small>Active R&D is initiated. This includes analytical studies & laboratory studies to physically validate the analytical predictions of separate elements of the technology. Examples include components that are not yet integrated or representative.</small>
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| | style="text-align:center;" |<small>4</small>
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| |<small>Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment</small>
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| |<small>Basic technological components are integrated to establish that they will work together. System SW architecture development initiated to include interoperability, reliability, maintainability, extensibility, scalability and security issues</small>
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| |<small>Technology validated in lab</small>
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| |<small>Basic technological components are integrated to establish that they will work together. System concepts have been considered and results gathered from testing laboratory scale breadboards.This is relatively “low fidelity” compared with the eventual system. Examples include integration of “ad hoc” hardware in the laboratory.</small>
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| | style="text-align:center;" |<small>5</small>
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| |<small>Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environment</small>
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| |<small>The basic technological HW/SW components are integrated with reasonably realistic supporting elements so that they can be tested in a simulated environment</small>
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| |<small>Technology validated in relevant environment (industrially relevant environment in the case of key enabling technologies)</small>
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| |<small>Fidelity of breadboard technology increases significantly. The basic technological components are integrated with reasonably realistic supporting elements so they can be tested in a simulated environment representative of specific stressing conditions or the relevant environment. Examples include “high-fidelity” laboratory integration of components.</small>
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| | style="text-align:center;" |<small>6</small>
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| |<small>System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment (ground or space)</small>
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| |<small>Examples include testing a prototype in a high-fidelity lab environment or a live/virtual experiment or in a simulated operational environment</small>
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| |<small>Technology demonstrated in relevant environment (industrially relevant environment in the case of key enabling technologies)</small>
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| |<small>Representative model or prototype system, which is well beyond that of TRL 5, is tested in a relevant environment. Represents a major step up in a technology’s demonstrated readiness. Examples include testing a prototype in a high-fidelity laboratory environment or in a simulated operational environment.</small>
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| | style="text-align:center;" |<small>7</small>
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| |<small>System prototype demonstration in a space environment</small>
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| |<small>Prototype near, or at, planned operational system. Algorithms run on processor of the operational environment integrated with actual external entities. SW support structure in place. SW releases are in distinct versions. Frequency and severity of SW deficiency reports do not significantly degrade functionality or performance. Verification, Validation and Accreditation (VV&A) completed</small>
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| |<small>System prototype demonstration in operational environment</small>
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| |<small>Prototype near or at planned operational system. Represents a major step up from TRL 6 by requiring demonstration of an actual system prototype in an operational environment (e.g., in an air-craft, in a vehicle, or in space).</small><small>System definition, operational environment definition, test plan, test data, design analysis and evaluation</small><small>Test plan, test reports, test data.</small><small>Testing setup in surrogate vehicle, test plan, test data, test results, M&S results, model vs. actual component or environmental differences, key modeling characteristics.</small>
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| | style="text-align:center;" |<small>8</small>
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| |<small>Actual system completed and "flight qualified" through test and demonstration (ground or space)</small>
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| |<small>Technology and SW has been proven and demonstrated to work in its final form and under expected conditions. In almost all cases, TRL represents the end of true system development. Examples include developmental test and evaluation (T&E) of the system in its intended weapon system to determine if it meets design specifications</small>
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| |<small>System complete and qualified</small>
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| |<small>Technology has been proven to work in its final form & under expected conditions. In almost all cases, this TRL represents the end of true system development. Examples include developmental test & evaluation (DT&E) of the system in its intended weapon system to determine if it meets design specifications.</small><small>Final assembly first article inspection results.</small><small>Key functions and design characteristics, test plan, test data, test results.</small><small>System qualification results, test data, test results.</small>
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| | style="text-align:center;" |<small>9</small>
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| |<small>Actual system "flight proven" through successful mission operations</small>
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| |<small>In almost all cases, this is the end of the last “bugfixing” aspects of system development. Examples include using the system under operational mission conditions. SW releases are production versions and configuration controlled. Frequency and severity of SW deficiencies are at a minimum</small>
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| |<small>Actual system proven in operational environment (competitive manufacturing in the case of key enabling technologies; or in space)</small>
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| |<small>Actual application of the technology in its final form & under mission conditions, such as those encountered in operational test & evaluation (OT&E). Examples include using the system under operational mission conditions.</small><small>Operational evaluation report.</small><small>System level test results.</small><small>OT&E report.</small>
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| |}
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| © 2025 U.S. DoD. AFRL TRL Calculator v2.2; James W. Bilbro, NASA, Marshall SFC.
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